2.
   2022
/   
  
(     )
 : 3     :100
:     -     ,          
               20  
-I
1.          
2.       
-II
3.    '   
4.            
-III
5.           
2.
6.        
-IV
7.         
8.    :        
   2022
/   
  
(     )
 : 3     :100
:     -     ,          
               20  
-I
1.          
:        
         
  ,               
      ,           
, ,    -    ,      
        ,   
2.
  ,  ,     ,  ,     '
      
2.
    
                 
  
,              
   ,       
  , ,
     
      :
   
      
   
  (  ),   (    )  
 (   ) '  
        ,       
 ,       
     (  )
  ',            , 
     -    
2.
   (    )
              , ,  ,
,       
       
: ,         '  
     ,         

  ( ):    ,       
           
 (  ):           
 
 
         
 :     ,      
    
   :
   
,         
   (    )
     ,   , ,  ,  
    
 
 ,        
  ',          
     
 ,          
   :
    
;        
   (    )
       ,   , ,   
  ,  

2.
           
            
 
           
   :
      
 ,      
   (    )
      ,    , , , 
   
  
              
           ,      : "
       
"
      '       ,    
  

 
     ,  -    
   :
   , ,     
             
         :
1.    
             
2.    
 ,          
3. -  
, ,          

4.    
          
2.
5.  
              

         
 -     
         ,    
     ,         :   ,
           ,     
  
2.       
:  ?
      "  "        ,
              - '  
 ,     (    )    ,
   '   
   ,   :
   
     
   ,         
   ,        ,  , 
      
      
1.    
o         ,       
o     (  ) '      
  
 
2.  ()
o             
    
3.  (  )
2.
o               
  
4.  ( )
o             
 
o      -   ,   ,   
      
5.  (   )
o    ,         
       
6.  
o    , -     
,    
 
7.   
o         ,     
 ,   
       
   
    
 -       :
    :      , ,   
   
 ,      
    :   ,      
    :  ,       
   :   -,   
 ,  
  
    (   '):   ,   
         
 
   
1.   :          
2.       : ,       
3.     :  ,      
4.  :         
 
5.   :  ,        
  

2.
                 
,       , ,     
 ,  ,       
 
-II
3.    '   
:           ,  
               ,
         
  ,  '  

 ,    
 
     ,  
      ,       
              
           
""         ,    ,    '
      
  -    ()  
         
       
            ,     
             
       
,        
  '     -  (- ) 
           ,    , 
    ,  -     , -
       -     ,  
       '           
               
   
   ,            
    -  ""         
 
;              
           ,      
   -       ,  
      
                 
 ,                
  
  '       ,       
2.
            ,    
   
              
      ,   , ,    
    ,     '   
  ,             
                -
       
     '           
    ,           
,             
;  -
              
  
                
   -        ,    
    ,          ,   
      
    
     
,    ,         ,    
            
      ,              
     ,  -      ,   ,
            
 
       ,     
         ,   
 
            , 
        
              
    ,     -        

     -        
         ,       
 ,         ;    
    -   -       
          ,   
   ,     
     
  ,       -     
   
2.
4.            
:
17
   ,          
                 ,
                
   ,      
 -       -    -
   ,     ,       
       
  :  , 1699
13  1699 ,    ,           
               

  ,               
      : "          ?"
       -         
( )    
  ( )
   :
1.    ( )
2.    ( )
3.    (  )
4.    ( )
5.    ( )
 -      ,          
 
  
                ,  
      ,          
2.
       ,        ,
        ,  
         
    
  
     ""  "  "      
 ,     :
     
     
       
,     
 (   )
       
    :
1. -  ,       
2.   -   ,     
3.   -    ,          
4.  -  ,       
5.  -  ,      
              

   
       :
   (  )
 (   )
  (   )
   ,          ,      
          - (-)  
 
     
1.     : -        
2.   :       ,      

2.
3.   :        ,    
  
4.   :         
5.    :         

1699                 
  -       ,  , ,
     
-III
5.           
:      
    ,           

;      
     ,     

      '      ,  
 ,  
  ,  ,       
   
              
  
 
    ""   ,    ""  ""   ,
    '     '         
      '     ,         -
  ,   ,      -      
   
  ,             ,  
        ,      
  
                  
,         ,       
        ,       
      
2.
          ,   
,
   -          
,     
      
  
            ,    
 ,             
 
     
                  :
      

   

      

   '  ,   ,        
 
       -    
,           
    
      ,   

,                
  
           
   
  ,     
     
               
  
   -   '   :
       
        
 , :
 ( ) 
 ( )   
   - 
  
  
2.
 ,        ,     

  '  
        
  ,        
  
         :


 - 
  
        ( ),   
 ( ),     ( )    
     ,        
  ',             
-,            
     
     
    '   ,            
    -       -       
 '   ,   -     
            
 
   
               
   ,  ,     
    
     ,            
  
   
 ,        ,      
,     :
2.
 
   
  
  ()  
         ,    '  
 ,      ,      

                 , 
, ,           
    ,              
 
 
,   
      
    , 
 
  ,     
       
 ,   ,            -
            
 
6.        
:     
       ,       
          ,  ( )
  ( )   
 ,   
   
   :    ,      
 
    :         -
               ,
      
    

   :         ,  
,       
  :   ,        
  ,          
2.
     
       , , ,       
 
   :         
  (        )    

    :         -  ,
  ,  - 
   :      -     
  ,     -      
  
1.      
o  ,    ,        
         

o           
2.     
o    -   ,  -     
     
o       ,      
      
3.       
o 1984          
     
o          
4.    
o       ,    
    
o    ,        
       
         
  ,        :
 :          
        
      :             
     
2.
 :      (),    

     
  :    ,    '      
   ,   -       

             
  
   ,       
  ,     ',       
, ,         , 
,         
     
-IV
7.         
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼     -     
       (1469–1539)    ,     (
 )      ,       
     ,   '       
 ,      ,       :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔"  
,   
 -   "
2.
   ,    '          
   
        ,  
 ,            
󽆪󽆫󽆬      ( )
             , 
           :


-
  
             ,  

          
     
   
    
        
  
 ,       
      -
 ,       ,  '   
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘    -  
                 
       
,       
     - -        
        
  -       
   
  ( )  ,          
   ,    ,        
 
      '  :
  
   
   
  
2.
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃         
     -     ,      
   
      :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔     

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       

      
            ,    
       ,    '    -  
,    -       
       :       
󷐹󷐺󷐾󷐿󷐻󷑀󷐼󷑁󷑂󷑃󷑄󷐽 -    
                  
    
       -       
         
 ,       
 
 :
 ()



              -  
 
         
󺅐󺅑󺅒󺅓󺅔󺅕󺅖     
2.
2.
1699 ,  ,         ,      
       '  
       ,     :
1. -  ,      
 
2.  -  ,   
3.   -    ,        
 
4.  -   ,  - 
 
5.  -   ,         
     
;   ,    

 
󺛒󺛓󺛔󺛕󺛖󺛗󺛤󺛘󺛙󺛚󺛛󺛜󺛝󺛞󺛟󺛠󺛡󺛢󺛣󺛥     
              :
1.    -      
2.  -       
3.   -    ,    
        ,       
    
󺡭󺡮     
              
               

 :
    


      

         
    
  -    '    
  ,   
  '  
   
2.
󷇮󷇭     
        ,         
      ,       
     
     
           
     
 :     

 -         
󷄧󼿒
   ,          
  
            
    -    ,     ,  ,
   ,   ,     -   

        
      ,          
 
         
 ,  , 
          
8.    :        
:   ( , 1595-1644)
         ,       
           ,     
       
  :
- :       ()  
()               
 -         
2.
  :      (    )   ,
         
  :     ,     
      
 :          , 

         
,       
      -   -     ,  
     
    ( , 1630-1661)
             ,    

,             
  :
   :            -
        
     :         
,  
    -    
  :  ,    '  ,   
            
               , 
      
   ( , 1656-1664)
       -            
,        
  :
    :       
    
,       
      :      ,      
        ,     
   :                
              

 :    ,  " "   ,     
              

2.
     (       )
   :
1.     :           

2.    :          
   '  
3.    :        ,    
 
  ,                
 
,   ,      

                

:
  : -   ,    
   :        
  :     ,       
"                 
 
          ,         
 "